Analysis and control of complex collaborative design systems

This paper presents a novel method for modelling the complexity of collaborative design systems based on its analysis and proposes a solution to reducing complexity and improving performance of such systems. The interaction and interfacing properties among many components of a complex design system are analysed from different viewpoints and then a complexity model for collaborative design is established accordingly. In order to simplify complexity and improve performance of collaborative design, a general solution of decomposing a whole system into sub-systems and using unified interface mechanism between them has been proposed. This proposed solution has been tested with a case study. It has been shown that the proposed solution is meaningful and practical

Product modelling

One of the most challenging tasks in the engineering profession is to develop new products that have the shortest lead-time, highest quality and lowest cost with optimal life-cycle consideration. The issue of product modeling is at the center of various new product development paradigms designed to meet this challenge, and, therefore, has received major attentions from application and research communities. Due to the fast developments of computer and information technologies and the increasing demands of competitiveness and productivity, the scopes and approaches of product modeling have evolved rapidly in recent years. This paper presents an overview of the state-of-the-art and practice of product modeling in terms of product models and process chains, and suggests some important issues for further investigation

Design Support Based onto Knowledge to Increase Product Reliability and Allow Optimized Abacus Development

Part V: Product and Asset Lifecycle ManagementInternational audienceHigh competition and low manufacturing costs in emerging countries, force European firms to improve quality, cost and delivery. Research and development departments have to look towards high production design methods and tools in order to stay competitive. Our research allow to reduce routine design process and thereby increase time for added value design tasks, particularly innovative design activities. We have applied our methodology onto a roller shutter tube. Existing abacuses are used to define tube deformation, but these abacuses are too restrictive. Our case determine the input information and create a model using our method to create new abacuses more relevant. Our contribution uses the explicit knowledge embedded in a KBE application to co-create or update parametric 3D models with its assembly environment. By implementing this method in an industrial company, we have reduced routine design tasks and improved the robustness of the product design and the product assembly

Study on the measurement method of a dynamic spectrum

Continuous non-invasive blood component sensing and regulation is necessary for patients with metabolism disorders. Utilizing near-infrared spectroscopy for non-invasively sensing blood component concentration has been a focus topic in biomedical optics applications. It has been shown to be versatile, speedy and sensitive to several kinds of samples. However, there is no report about any successful non-invasive blood component (except the artery blood oxygen saturation) concentration detection techniques that can meet the requirements of clinic application. One of the key difficulties is the influence of individual discrepancies. Dynamic spectrum is a new non-invasive measure method for sensing blood component concentration presented recently. It can theoretically eliminate the individual discrepancies of the tissues except the pulsatile component of the artery blood. This indicates a brand new way to measure the blood component concentration and the potential to provide absolute quantitation of hemodynamic variables. In this paper, the measurement methodology to acquire the DS from photoplethysmography (PPG) is studied. A dynamic spectrometer to acquire the DS is describe

Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990�2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990�2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0�9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10�24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10�24 years were also in the top ten in the 25�49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50�74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and development investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens